Negro Battle Royal - May 2014

Question

One of the museum staff mentioned a "Battle Royal" where black boys would be paid to fight one another blindfolded at carnivals, can you provide more information about these battles??

--D. Manning, Grand Rapids, Michigan.

Answer

It was announced in the newspapers as an "Athletic Show" and it began with a "battle royal" boxing bout among five Negroes. Five burly men, stripped to the waist, entered a roped arena on a platform. At the stroke of the bell two couples immediately began sparring. The fifth man then pitched into one of the boxers who seemed to be having the best of it, thus breaking up the pair. The released man turned to the other group and picking out one of the men began without warning to punch him. And so the fight proceeded. No matter how cleverly a man might be holding his own he was always in danger of having someone come at him from behind with a none too well padded fist. Scientific boxing was not in evidence. The contest was one of brutal physical endurance. When a man could keep it up no longer he left the ring and the winner was the man who stayed in longest. As announced, the winner was to receive $4.00, the second place man $2.00, and the third $1.00.

(Recreation in Springfield, Illinois 1914)

This scene was commonplace at many carnivals, fairs, and boxing matches throughout the American landscape. Blindfolded African American men and boys beat each other senseless for the comedic pleasure of the audience and in the hopes of winning a few dollars. These battle royal matches were held at many types of venues and involved anywhere from four to thirty blindfolded "negroes." While there were a few instances of white participants, the overwhelming majority of fighters were African American males. Advertisements for these events typically promoted them as comic events with "Negro" or "Colored" combatants.

At fairs, carnivals, benefits, and holiday festivals throughout the country, battle royals were among the featured events.

• In the Amarillo Globe Times in 1932, a sports carnival included "wrestling, hosing, comedy, novelty numbers, orchestra and a negro battle royal" (May 9, 1932).
• In Iowa, a "negro battle royal" was staged at the center of the park for a Fourth of July celebration (Mason City Globe-Gazette, June 29, 1934).
• At a Firemen's picnic in Biloxi, Mississippi, it was determined to have a "negro battle royal Sunday at 8 p.m. as a feature attraction (Biloxi Daily Herald, July 6, 1937).
• Along with bicycle and relay races at the annual Scurry County Fair in Texas, there was a "feast of good things" where community stunts, fiddlers, string band contests and a negro battle royal were going on every day during the fair (Abilene Reporter News, September 22, 1929).
• In between horse races and bicycle races at the state fairgrounds in Wheeling, West Virginia, a battle royal "between six colored boys" would be part of the "amusements" (Wheeling Daily Intelligencer, August 7, 1899).
• In 1931, the St. Petersburg, Rotary Club held a "Ladies' Night" banquet where newly elected officers were announced, a television feature was filmed and "following the television feature, a boxing bout was staged in the form of a battle royal by four colored boys with each blindfolded, a boxing glove on one hand and a pie pan in the other." The bout was later revealed as a staged hoax for the entertainment of the audience (St. Petersburg Times, April 9, 1931).
• On a Saturday night in 1950, a "negro battle royal" started the festivities, which included square dance competitions, trick horse shows, rides, and concessions (Lubbock Evening Journal, September 27, 1950).
• The R.O.T.C. staged a "big boxing and wrestling carnival" where "five of Columbia's negroes will stage a battle royal and 'Doc Hyde,' a famous negro dancer, will jig for the crowd" (Columbia Evening Missourian, February 3, 1921).
• Parade, racing, roping, "negro Battle Royal," baby show, concert, kangaroo court, judging of stock and fruits were held at the Walla Walla Fair in 1912 (East Oregonian, September 18,1912).
• Labor Day celebrations in Indianapolis included a "negro Battle royal" with wrestling, pie-eating contest, baby show, and general athletics (The Indianapolis Journal, August 9, 1903).
• The Wheeling Daily Intelligencer advertised a Labor Day "battle royal between six colored boys; music, dancing, and other amusements galore" (August 22, 1899).
• The Y.M.C.A. of Ware Shoals celebrated the Fourth of July with music, racing, tug of war, baseball game, barbecue, moving picture, and a "Battle royal, (Colored)" (The Intelligencer, June 15, 1915).
• A Hardinsburg County Masonic Picnic announced the prize structure for the "winner in the 'Battle Royal' open to colored men of all ages, six entries, $10.00 in cash given by Farmers Bank & Trust Co. Second prize, $5.00 in cash given by Leslie Walker" (The Breckenridge News, August 11, 1920).
• In a section of the Los Angeles Herald entitled "News of Fraternal and Secret Societies", one program concluded with a "battle royal by five colored gents" using "Coonsberry rules" where "the last man up gets the money" and "the entertainment was so successful that Stag will arrange another for the near future" (July 25, 1909).
• An advertisement in the St. Louis Republic featuring the Hopkins' Stock company included an Uncle Tom's Cabin theater act with 40 colored plantations singers and dancers, cakewalks, old plantation sports & pastimes, and "A Great Comedy Furore. Eight Heavy-weight Colored pugilists in the Furiously Funny Battle Royal in Barrels" (April 29, 1900).
• The Phoenix Athletic Club planned a big show in Brooklyn, New York highlighting "mascots," "new and amusing novelties" and "a battle royal between colored fighters in feed bags" (The Evening World, February 25, 1891).

I have to ask, who leaves these festivities with pride and feeling good about themselves? How do the men and boys who took part in these battle royals view not only their own self-worth, but the value of any person of color?

During slavery, a battle royal or Free-for-all battle, was a common activity. In the book Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States from Interviews with Former Slaves, Kentucky Narratives, J.R. Wilkerson recounts some of the recreational activities of the slaves, as described by un Force and Elvira Lewis:

"Another kind of contest was called "A free for all". Here a ring was drawn on the ground which ranged from about 15 ft. to 30 ft. in diameter depending on the number of contestants who engaged in the combat. Each participant was given a kind of bag that was stuffed with cotton and rags into a very compact mass. When so stuffed, the bags would weigh on an average of 10 pounds, and was used by the contestants in striking their antagonist. Each combatant picked whichever opponent he desired and attempted to subdue him by pounding him over the head with the bag, which he used as his weapon of defense. And which was used as an offending weapon. The contest was continued in this manner till every combatant was counted out, and a hero of the contest proclaimed. Some times two contestants were adjudged heroes, and it was necessary to run a contest between the two combatants before a final hero could be proclaimed. Then the two antagonist would stage a battle royal and would continue in the conflict till one was proclaimed victorious. Sometimes these Free-For-All battles were carried on with a kind of improvised boxing gloves, and the contests were carried on in the same manner as previously described. Very often, as many as 30 darkies of the most husky type were engaged in these battles, and the contests were generally attended by large audiences. Being staged during the period of favorable weather, and mostly on Saturday afternoon; these physical exhibitions were the scenes of much controversial conflict, gambling, excessive inebriation and hilarity" (Slave Narratives, J.R. Wilkerson: Tinie Force and Elvira Lewis, 2006).

Even the United States Military enjoyed a good "negro battle royal" and in many cases, the participants were enlisted men.

• At Fort Lawton in Seattle, the final event on a boxing card was a "battle royal between five negro soldiers" ( Seattle Star, November 25, 1912).
• A "battle royal between six negro fighters" was a part of the Army and Navy Union athletic carnival where the entertainment ended with a cakewalk (Kansas City Journal, July 26, 1899).
• The Evening Statesman in Walla Walla, Washington promoted a boxing match with "Five colored Troopers" having a "Battle Royal as one of the Preliminaries" where the "soldier boys are expected to put up a show that will be well worth the price of admission alone" (May 26, 1904). The recap of the Battle Royal was posted in the next days' edition of The Evening Statesman;

"The battle royal between five colored heavyweights proved one of the biggest things yet and the crowd went wild at the efforts of the contestants to knock out anybody that happened along. Two men went down and out in short shift narrowing the contest down to three men. These furnished no end of hilarity until there was no one left but a big husky soldier, who strutted from the ring the winner of a $15 purse" (May 27, 1904).

• A "Negro Battle Royal" was the end of Moorhead, Minnesota's Armistice Day celebration where the "rough and tumble affair between 10 negroes, turned out to be as advertised and kept the fans in a constant uproar" ( Moorhead Daily News, November 12, 1930).

The Washington Herald published a story called "Negro Troopers Enjoy Battle-Royal" in 1918. The story, accompanied with a picture, went as follows;

"It's a great old game, the battle-royal. It used to be that boxing promoters would get a bunch of husky black boys to climb into a ring and battle for a ten-dollar note, the note going to the boy who was on his feet last. They've made it a little different with some of our negro troops overseas. At a recent athletic carnival in England a bunch of troopers were blindfolded and sent in a ring with the above amusing result" (December 9, 1918).

Battle Royals were primarily a part of boxing bouts and wrestling matches as undercards and in some cases, fighters used the opportunity to establish a boxing career. However, most often the negro battle royal was a comedic mockery and provided the participants with little more than the opportunity to be laughed at and ridiculed.

• "Act one of the evening's performance opened with a negro battle royal. The darkies were blindfolded and battled one round, and then their blindfolds were removed, and they went another round. The two survivors sparred and battled for two rounds. The victor left the mat as the colored orchestra played 'Bye-Bye Blackbirds,' for the vanquished" ( Corsicana Daily Sun, August 28, 1931).
• In Brownsville, Texas, the opening event for a boxing card was a "negro battle royal to set the fans in a cheery mood" (The Brownsville Herald, August 24, 1930).
• In an apparent effort to increase diversity among the boxing audiences, a "Negro Battle Royal" was among the featured events and it was said, "these matches will be run under the very highest standards and no one need hesitate bringing their wife and children" (Corsicana Daily Sun, July 21, 1933).
• The nightcap of a bout was an "all-colored battle royal to a finish, [which] should furnish plenty of laughs" (Salt Lake Tribune, April 3, 1933).
• On a particular Saturday night "Ten thousand on-lookers see dem big Negroes in the Ring!!! A ring full of gloves and hour full of fun Wild Swings-haymakers-Upper Cuts Amusing-Ludicrous Free Fun for everybody" (Denton Record-Chronicle, October 3, 1930).
• A negro fight card, where the proceeds were to go to the negro Elks charity fund, featured a battle royal with "special seats… reserved for white patrons" (The Palm Beach Post, November 22, 1935).
• An undercard for a boxing match in El Paso highlighted a wrestling match and a "battle royal among four negro boys" (El Paso Herald, April 22, 1912).
• A featherweight championship bout featuring Abe Attell had an undercard battle royal "between five negro employees of the race track" (Los Angeles Herald, December 10, 1908).
• The "most interesting part" of a boxing program at the Ardmore Airdome in Oklahoma, "will be the battle royal by five negroes. This feature alone furnishes more amusement than a whole sideshow." The article mentions that the "proceeds will be given to the Confederate home committee" (The Daily Ardmoreite, September 15, 1910).
• In Utah, a "Comical Boxing Bout" put the crowd in a good humor "by a comical exhibition of a battle royal between five negroes who pummeled each other with large boxing gloves… When the sport dragged, one of the battle royal kids kindly dropped to the mat and was counted out" (The Evening Standard, January 23, 1913).
• A boxing recap section in the New York Tribune ran an article describing a battle royal:

"Six big, husky negroes were mingling in a battle royal at the old Long Acre Club, in Twenty-ninth Street, one night. To be more exact, five were big, but the other hadn't flirted with a steak in weeks. It so happened that the five picked on the one, and ere long the little fellow was knocked down. He was wise, this little fellow, and, rising on all-fours, he crawled across the ring, climbed over the lower rope, and dropped to the floor. 'Hey, you!' yelled Mike Newman, 'ain't you going to fight any more?' 'Oh, yes 'Marse Newman. Ahm goin' to fight plenty more. But no more to-night!' replied the coon, and he kept his word" (The New York Tribune, August 18, 1915).

Maybe one of the most detailed descriptions of a battle royal came in this 1920 Richmond Times recap of a boxing card.

"Closing the bill was the battle royal between six colored fighters. This was the funniest bout that has been staged in this city for some time. Every one crowded to the ringside to see the grand hubbub. They entered the ring, all kinds, big and husky, black and tan. With no referee in the ring they went at it. One darky opened up with corking another boy and they all went after him. He was sent rolling out of the ring for his offence. Down they went one after another until only three were left. Two of these set out to beat the other one up. Reading defeat, he retired and left one tall lanky "brown skin" and another husky black boy to settle the argument. They fought for about a minute when the black one was sent sprawling through the ropes and the lanky "high yella" grinned and picked up the money the fans had thrown in the ring and was declared the victor" (October 29, 1920).

• In Nebraska, a "colored battle royal" followed a boxing match and had promoter A.B. Wheeler complaining "that one of the hardest jobs in the world is to keep five colored men together after sundown" to participate in the event ( The Alliance Herald, November 20, 1919).
• A Boxing Benefit to raise funds for a sick former-boxer, Haich Smith, contained a "colored quartet" and battle royal with "another bunch of colored lads" (Omaha Daily Bee, December 9, 1910).
• A rare interracial battle royal including "four colored boys and two white boys" ended when one of the white participants "quit the ring rather than take the chance of being knocked out by a little colored fellow named Cal Butler." The white contestant "asserted that he was entitled to a draw, but the referee's decision gave the fight to Butler" (Omaha Daily Bee, November 9, 1900).

Some battle royal fighters were able to use their success as a springboard to a professional boxing career. Legends like Jack Johnson, Joe Gans, and Beau Jack all started in a negro battle royal.

Jack Johnson Heavyweight Champion (1908-1915):

• In the PBS documentary Unforgivable Blackness: The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson, Jack Johnson's beginnings in the battle royal are documented.

"Taking part in one of the most humiliating creations of the Jim Crow era, the Battle Royal. A backroom spectacle in which six or eight or ten black boys often blindfolded, were set to punching one another while drunken white men jeered them on. The last one standing got the prize, usually, a fist full of tossed coins. Jack Johnson was often the last one standing." (PBS film; Unforgivable Blackness: Rise and fall of Jack Johnson)

• Referee George Siler, the man who is credited as "discovering" Jack Johnson, wrote about a battle royal featuring Jack Johnson:

"I went down to Springfield, Ill., about seven years ago to referee a series of glove contests, and the management, for a humorous opener, staged a battle royal in which six colored men, among them Johnson, took part. Jack was the last to enter the ring, and directly he did he landed one of his every-man-for-himself opponents a wallop on the jaw, dropping him as if shot. Two big blacks then sailed in after Johnson, who danced out of distance, and, before his opponents knew what had happened, they were on the floor, because they foolishly permitted their respective jaws to come in contact with Jack's right mitt. The other blacks thought of the old adage of: "He who fights and runs away will live to fight another day" and crawled out of the ring." (Inside facts on Pugilism)

• An article How Fortune has favored Johnson, published in the Bismarck Daily Tribune recounts the George Siler story but in a bit greater detail. (January 9, 1910).

Joe Gans Lightweight Champion (1902-1908):

• The Pittsburg Press ran a story about Joe Gans and his boxing beginnings in a Battle Royal.

"Although first money amounted to but $5, almost every negro with fistic ambition in Baltimore entered. These battles made a big hit. One night Joe Gans, then working in the fish market, made an application to enter the contest. He was asked whether he had had any experience and frankly admitted that the sport was all Greek to him. 'But you know what these battle royals are don't you?' he asked, 'you've got to fight and mix it up all the time, and if you quit you don't get anything-see?' Joe went on and was very successful." (August 12, 1910).

Beau Jack lightweight champion (1942,1944):

• The New York Times published a biography of Beau Jack in 2000. In the article, it is revealed that golfing legend, Bobby Jones, saw Beau fight in a battle royal and backed his entry into the sport.

"During the 1930's, wealthy white men in the South amused themselves by placing a group of perhaps 6 to 10 young men, usually blacks, blindfolded inside a ring for a battle royal. The youngsters would slug away until only one was standing, and then the coins would shower down. After Beau Jack, who had shined shoes at the Augusta National Golf Club, showed his prowess in one such battle, club members -- including the renowned golfer Bobby Jones -- bankrolled his entry into pro boxing" (February 12, 2000).

Although in some cases, a battle royal was a chance for a person of color to get noticed in the world of boxing, the contests were demeaning and exploitative. Like many debasing practices toward black Americans, Battle Royals did not begin in the United States, and were not necessarily initially intended to degrade peoples of color. For an early history of battle royal see SB Nation, Wrestling with the Past: The Bizarre Origins of the Battle Royal:Part One and Wrestling with the Past: The Bizarre Origins of the Battle Royal: Part Two. For rare footage of a so-called "negro Battle Royal, see Boxing Hall Of Fame footage.

Reading the first portion of the Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison allows one to truly feel the disgraceful impact a "negro" or "colored" battle royal could have on individuals. Ellison captured the essential truth that, regardless of what a person of color could offer society, his or her opinions did not matter, they were entertainment; they were labor, and very little else. The Godfather of Soul, James Brown spoke of his experience as a boy in a battle royal:

"Because of my reputation the other kids always pointed me out to the white men who came around to recruit scrappy black boys to be in the battle royals they put on at Bell Auditorium. In a battle royal they blindfold you, tie one hand behind your back, put a boxing glove on your free hand, and shove you into a ring with other kids in the same condition. You swing at anything that moves, and whoever's left standing at the end is the winner. It sounds brutal, but a battle royal is really comedy. I'd be out there stumbling around, swinging wild, and hearing the people laughing. I didn't know I was being exploited; all I knew was that I was getting paid a dollar and having fun. A lot of good boxers started out in those things. I think Beau himself, when he was a kid, was in battle royals at the Augusta National Country Club. I was too classy for battle royals, though, because I could really box" (James Brown: The Godfather of Soul, an Autobiography, 1986)

There are many aspects the museum staff encourage visitors to consider when talking about the Battle Royal or African Dodger. What is the emotional and psychological impact of participating in such events? The participant becomes the target of ridicule and mockery in order to provide entertainment for a group that calls itself superior. How do participants view themselves? How do they view similar others, their family, their friends? How are the effects of Jim Crow perpetuated in attitudes about self and others that are still visible today? If our society is going to move past its racist history we must have a national conversation about topics like the negro battle royal and the continuing impact on US culture.

Franklin Hughes
Diversity & Inclusion/ Jim Crow Museum
2014

References

• Abilene Reporter News, September 22, 1929, page25.
• Biloxi Daily Herald, July 6, 1937, page 8.
• Bismarck Daily Tribune, January 9, 1910, page 6.
• Brown, J. (1986). James Brown: The Godfather of Soul. New York: Macmillan.
• Columbia Evening Missourian, February 3, 1921), page 5.
• Corsicana Daily Sun, August 28, 1931, page 13.
• Corsicana Daily Sun, July 21, 1933, page 8.
• Denton Record-Chronicle, October 3, 1930, page 20.
• East Oregonian, September 18, 1912, page 1.
• Ellison, R. (1952). Invisible Man. New York: Random House.
• El Paso Herald, April 22, 1912, page 11.
• Hammer, L.F. and Perry, C.A. (1914). Recreation in Springfield, Illinois. Springfield Ill.: Springfield Survey Committee.
• Kansas City Journal, July 26, 1899, page 5.
• Los Angeles Herald, December 10, 1908, page 2.
• Los Angeles Herald, July 25, 1909, page 11.
• Lubbock Evening Journal, September 27, 1950, page 11.
• Mason City Globe-Gazette, June 29, 1934, page 47.
• Moorhead Daily News, November 12, 1930, page 4.
• Nash, J.S., Wrestling with the Past: The Bizarre Origins of the Battle Royal – Part One, SB Nation, March 9, 2013.
• Nash, J.S., Wrestling with the Past: The Bizarre Origins of the Battle Royal – Part Two, SB Nation, March 10, 2013.
• New York Times, February 12, 2000.
• Omaha Daily Bee, November 9, 1900, page 5.
• Omaha Daily Bee, December 9, 1910, page 4.
• PBS film; Unforgivable Blackness: Rise and fall of Jack Johnson.
• Salt Lake Tribune, April 3, 1933, page 5.
• Seattle Star, November 25, 1912, page 2.
• Siler, G. (1907). Inside Facts on Pugilism. Chicago: Laird & Lee.
• St. Louis Republic, April 29, 1900, page 7.
• St. Petersburg Times, April 9, 1931 page 8.
• The Alliance Herald, November 20, 1919, page 1.
• The Amarillo Globe-Times, May 9, 1932, page 9.
• The Breckenridge News, August 11, 1920, page 7.
• The Brownsville Herald, August 24, 1930, page 6.
• The Daily Ardmoreite, September 15, 1910, page 1.
• The Evening Standard, January 23, 1913, page 6.
• The Evening Statesman, May 26, 1904.
• The Evening Statesman, May 27, 1904.
• The Evening World, February 25, 1891, page 3.
• The Indianapolis Journal, August 9, 1903, page 10.
• The Intelligencer, June 15, 1915, page 8.
• The New York Tribune, August 18, 1915, page 13.
• The Palm Beach Post, November 22, 1935, page 13.
• The Pittsburg Press, August 12, 1910, page 19.
• The Richmond Times, October 29, 1920, page 10.
• The Washington Herald, December 9, 1918, page 8.
• The Wheeling Daily Intelligencer, August 22, 1899, page 5.
• Wheeling Daily Intelligencer, August 7, 1899, page 5.
• Works Projects Administration (2004). Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States from Interviews with Former Slaves, Kentucky Narratives. Project Gutenberg.